Calculation of Chiller Volume Flow Rate

Calculation of chiller volume rate : 

Since the water is standard fluid, mass flow rate of water and volume flow rate are both equal. 

Hence we can use the below formula to find out the mass/volume flow rate of water.

Q =m ×Cp ×Delta T 

Where

Q is chiller coil load in KW 

m is  Mass flow rate of water 

Cp  is Specific heat of water 

Delta T is difference between chiller entering water temperature and leaving water temperature.

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Battery Charging Current Calculation

How to calculate battery Charging Current ?

Battery Charging Current should be 10% of its battery AH rating .

Example 2: 

If you have 200AH SMF lead acid battery, then what will be the Charging Current ? 

10 % of Battery AH rating

10% of 200AH 

= 200×10/100

= 20 A.

The charging Current of 200AH battery should be 20A as per the thumb rule.

Example 1: 

If you have 100AH SMF lead acid battery, then what will be the Charging Current ? 

10 % of Battery AH rating

10% of 100AH 

= 100×10/100

= 10 A.

The charging Current of 100AH battery should be 10A as per the thumb rule.

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Harmonic Allowable limit as per CEA Guidelines

As per the CEA Guidelines, those who  maintaining the Substation in the voltage level of 11KV,22KV,33KV, they should maintain the total Harmonic distortion as per the below allowable limit.

Individual Voltage Harmonic Distortion :

Maximum acceptable limit is 3% 

Total Voltage Harmonic Distortion :

Maximum acceptable limit is 5% 

Total Current Harmonic Distortion :

Maximum acceptable limit is 8% 

This limit has mentioned by institute of electrical and electronic engineer (IEEE 519 2014)

If THD is breaching the acceptable limit, then you have to install harmonic filter to maintain the level as stated by above standards, otherwise government authority will impose the penalty.

The Harmonic filter may be active harmonic filter or passive harmoic filter or hybrid harmoic filter.However, the selection of filter is based on your site load requirement. 

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How to calculate efficiency of air cooled chiller ?

Chiller efficiency is generally expressed interms  of iKW/TR. 

Where,

i stands for indicated 

KW stands for kilo watt 

TR stands for ton of refrigeration 

iKW/TR is nothing but the ratio of electrical power input to the compressors to ton of cooling produced by the equipment.

Less value of iKW/TR indicates high efficiency of chiller

Higher value of iKW/TR indicates low efficiency of chiller.

The chiller performance test is usually carried out once in year by the chiller OEM

During the performance test, OEM will bring power quality analyser and ultrasonic clamp on flow meter to the site .

Ultrasonic clamp on flow meter will be installed at return chilled water pipeline of chiller.This flow meter will sense the flow rate of fuild flowing through the chiller. The flow rate can be expressed in gpm or m3/hr.

The power quality analyser will be installed at input power supply consumed by chiller/compressor. 

To calculate the TR of chiller, we have to use the below formula 

TR =(gpm x delta T)/24

Where 

Gpm is gallon per minute 

Delta T is temperature difference between entering and leaving chilled water temperature 

Once you find out the TR of chiller by using the above formula,then you can find out iKW/TR. 

For example:

Kw of chiller at 100% load is 2

Ton of refrigeration of chiller is 2

Formula to find out chiller efficiency is 

iKW/TR =2/2=1 

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TDS level in drinking water

TDS stands for total dissolved solids.TDS represents total concentration of disolved solids in the water.

TDS is made of up inorganic substances and small amount of organic substances.

The inorganic substances refers to the  salts and heavy metals.

How to measure the TDS ?

TDS in water can be measured using portabal conductivity meter. The another name of this meter is TDS meter.

How to control the TDS level in water ?

TDS can be controlled using reserve osmosis process.but the main drawback of this process is more wastage of water I.e. reject water.

Unit of TDS :

TDS will be showcased in the term of ppm (Parts per million) or mg/l (milligrams per litre)

 TDS level :

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

As per the EPA, 500 ppm is maximum acceptable limit

WHO(World health organization)

As per the WHO, 300 to 600 ppm is  considered as good and the level more than 1200 ppm is considered as unacceptable 

BIS(Bureau of indian standards)

As per the BIS, 500ppm is maximum acceptable limit.

ICMR(Indian Council of medical research)

As per the ICMR, the value between 500 ppm to 1500 ppm considered as good.

Hope the above information is much useful to you.

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KVAR rating calculation to design the APFC Panel

How to calculate KVAR rating for APFC Panel ?

APFC Stands for automatic power factor correction/controller 

KVAR stands for kilo volt ampere reactive 

Assume that your electrical  distribution system have the value of 100KVA,415V,240.96 Amps and PF is 0.8.

If we want to improve the power factor from 0.8 to 0.99, you need to install the static capacitor in the existing  system. 

There is a standard formula to calculate the required KVAR i.e. 

KVAR =P(Tan pi 1 - Tan pi 2) 

Let us assume Cos Pi 1 = 0.8 

                                  Pi 1 = cos inverse of 0.8

                                  Pi 1 = 36.869 

Also let us assume Cos Pi 2 =0.99

                                       Pi 2=Cos inverse of 0.99

                                       Pi 2= 8.109 

Now apply all the known values into the KVAR standard formula.

KVAR= 100( Tan 36.869 - Tan 8.109)

          =100(0.749-0.142)

          =100(0.607)

          =60.7

So, to improve the power factor from 0.8 to 0.99, we need to install at least 60KVAR capacity of APFC panel in the electrical system.

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APFC in Electrical Systems

APFC panel in Electrical System

 APFC stands for Automatic Power factor correction/Controller.

APFC Panel used in electrical power distribution system to improve the power factor from lagging PF to near to unity PF.

Power factor is the ratio of active power to the apparent power .It is denoted by cos Pi

Cos Pi = KW/KVA

Where

 KW is equals to 1.732 x V x I x Cos pi (or) V x  I x Cos pi

KVA is equals to V x I 

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